Thursday, October 31, 2019

A path breaking research in the area of Metrics used in IT industry Paper

A path breaking in the area of Metrics used in IT industry and its effectiveness- Developing new metrics for measuring - Research Paper Example Scope becomes sufficiently measured through observation of the changes required during the implementation process. This paper explores the various metrics utilized in assessment of the efficacy in implementation of these unique IT projects. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 INTRODUCTION 4 METHODOLOGY 4 Planning 5 Controlling 6 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 6 FINDINGS 9 Project metrics 10 Metrics in IT projects 11 Cost 11 Time 13 Scope 15 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 18 INTRODUCTION The information technology industry represents a unique characteristic for development projects aimed at providing improved technologies, both in software and hardware sectors. The planning process for the projects remains an essential component for minimizing project failure ultimately assuring success. Poor management of IT projects remains the highest cause of project failures within the industry. It is estimated that this accounts for 54% failure with technical challenges causing 3% (Gulla, 2012). Proper management begins with development of proper plans during the initial project stages. The evaluation process seeks to make an assessment of the project progress during implementation. ... The process will be broken down into different stages which shall follow each other. The waterfall methodology being utilized shall be as indicated in the chart below. Measurement of the various metrics involved in the project will be undertaken following completion of each stage and relevant actions taken, based on the results of performance indexes. Figure 1the waterfall methodology Planning The project planning aspect involves the development of a plan providing guideline towards undertaking a desired development project. This marks the beginning stage of any project being implemented. The element of undertaking sufficient planning remains fundamental in assuring success, or causing ultimate project failure. The planning process involves provision of various aspects of the project, commonly through estimations. These estimations provide guidelines during implementation; hence their accuracy remains essential in assuring success. The provided estimates must remain reflective of act ual figures, with minimal discrepancies. During the project evaluation process, the actual figures become measured against the provided project estimates, established during the planning stages. Poor planning remains the fundamental cause for most project failures. While the planning phase remains fundamental in ensuring success, the numerous aspects involved within the planning phase contribute towards successful implementation. Individuals involved in the planning phase of any projects should ensure that the plans suffice the project requirements. This serves in eliminating and minimizing continuous changes during the project implementation phase. The planning phase should provide a

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

British and Nigerian Foundation Curriculum Essay

British and Nigerian Foundation Curriculum - Essay Example Furthermore, education in UK is regarded as a consumer good. That is, it is aimed at developing the human personality and mental development of skills, talents, ideas, scope and present knowledge so as to be used by the individual in enriching his knowledge, self-esteem and personality. Thus education in UK is aimed at developing an individual socially and intellectually and for transmitting norms and values in individuals. Emphasis is on child-centered learning by using the existing body of knowledge that is encyclopedias, web and other reference books. It aims at developing the whole person, including vocationalism by involving visits to the field of businesses, firms and organization. As a final result, a person of a groomed personality with eloquence and qualifications is trained also to face economic challenge of raising the country's GDP and maintaining it. During further phases of comparison and constrast, Card D. and A.B Krueger (1992) state that in Britain, there are grammar schools where students are selected on the basis of class and creed. There are non-selective or comprehensive schools where anyone willing to acquire education is welcomed. However, comprehensive schools follow the curriculum of grammar schools and their locus of control has been shifted to government in recent years. Exams completely dominate the curriculum and now virtually all schools let down all less able pupils. Reforms introduced include encouragement of initiatives in form of money investment and change in way of measuring performance. Performance criteria are based now on standards wanted and the end results envisioned. Performance is measured by comparing the effort put in with the quality of performance outcomes. Nigeria Education Policy: According to the 3rd edition of National Policy on Education released by Federal Republic of Nigeria (1998), Education in Nigeria is regarded more as a capital good than as a consumer good. It is aimed at developing human capital to prepare people to be able to perform functions that are needed to transform the environment around themselves and their standard of living. Since absence of developed talents, skills, qualification and education and expertise has always resulted in retarded economic growth, it is very essential for Nigeria to stress on development of human capital. British Curriculum for Foundation Stage: According to Marcon, R. A. (2002), the British curriculum aims at creating individuality and independence in the young minds from the stage of their infancy. Thus their nursery for infants has an enclosed playground with separate entrance. Moreover, each classroom has books, toys, puzzles and other sources of knowledge and entertainment within easy reach of the children so as to promote child independence. In other words, the child won't have to ask an adult for help in accessing the resource. Instead, the infant will just crawl up to or toddle down to grab anything that is desired for. Legislation that governs the curriculum: The British curriculum is suggested and approved by the British Department of Education (BDE) and Qualifications and

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Leadership: A Personal Opinion

Leadership: A Personal Opinion Leadership is everywhere if we see minutely in our society. In my point of view, leadership is about personality and genuineness. It is about winning possession for changing something and improving it than you found it. And when that change functions with responsibility, it gains admiration. Leadership is practised daily in learning institutions, homes and offices. A leader is a person who helps without being asked. I have exposed leadership by helping my brother in his studies or playing with him. Good leadership actions are defined as working with patient within groups, creating roles, replying to feedback in an suitable manner, and discussing with others. During group work, students gain knowledge of personal and social responsibility, feelings of different cultures and personalities, and get an idea of how the character of leadership can influence group efforts. One day I was sitting in my home and thinking about the examples of good leaders, I saw my mom busy in homely activities, I observed her minutely and found her a great leader. I thought that my mom never loses sight of her vision she has for her children-giving a healthy and protected atmosphere where her children can nurture and prosper. Moms can be found busy in diverse household responsibilities, searching down craft supplies for a plan their children only memorized today was required tomorrow, and at the same time as examining this adjacent to managing the demands of structuring their professional life. And yet, in spite of all these different demands for their attention, moms do not forget about their vision. Similarly, in the world of business, there are numerous demands made for the consideration of leaders. Like our mothers have exposed us, however, this shouldn’t take our concentration away from what’s significant or required for the business to expand and flourish. A good leader always shows patience in the making for the desired conclusion. There’s one thing which we all identify about our mothers is that they can show a lot of tolerance with good reason. Upbringing of a child is barely a textbook affair the same as there’s always somewhat unpredicted that will come down and damage the best-laid plans. Occasionally this is a consequence of a child not performing what they’re told; sometimes it can be a child getting sick on the day you have a tight schedule at work. Whatsoever the case, mothers have learned to tackle with these kind of situations as they know that their hard work will recompense in the long run. Similarly the businesses repeatedly concentrating on making and gathering periodical forecasts, it’s effortless to demonstrate less patience or interest in hard work that require more long-term philosophy and management. However, as mothers represent so well through their activities, the best stuffs do come to those who are patient. A good leader motivates their team to be self-reliant. Mothers are also very expert in motivating their children to turn out to be more self-reliant as they grow up. One require to observe at of how mothers work from looking after of their children’s laundry to asking them to tidying their rooms to be pleased about the willingness mothers have to see their children grip the responsibilities they used to do for their kids as they grown-up from small children into young adults. Motherliness is not something one imagines about as being a valuable role to increase some insights into how to guide others agreed that the relation between a mother and her child is totally dissimilar from that among an employer and their employees. And yet, if we seem at this from the standpoint of the life course we find out as children from our moms, we can observe some useful things that can assist us better value of how to move towards the role of leadership in our organizations. Emotional Intelligence is such an important aspect. In our case Emotional Intelligence comes and play a role in our professional life. Where a team leader in a specific project or organization is expected of being productive no matter what he might face difficulties leading his team to success. I think this perception is significant because it describes one of the principal human interactions we experience in our daily life. Regardless of whom you are or what you do, sometime you will have to cooperate with people surrounding you. People have to request for help, work as a team, and guide other people. These responsibilities cant be done without having a knowledge of human emotions. I have to deal with this conception on a daily basis when I interrelate with friends, family, and colleagues. I believe the best way for me to communicate to this concept is contrasting how I connected to people when I was in basic school to today. When I was a kid I found it very tough to talk with older people because I didn’t know how to deal with them. But at present I can talk to anyone I want to and find out what tone I need to have to get their value. Moral Intelligence is such an important aspect to enhancing business/organization performance and leadership success which should be considered from a leader point of view as a critical aspect. At first Emotional intelligence, then Moral Intelligence we studied. According to Lennick and Kiel, both management consultants, define moral intelligence as the ability to differentiate right from wrong as defined by universal principles†. My friend told me about his boss, he said his boss wants to create a gullible workplace; he can get better moral intelligence by mentoring workforce to track his example of human principles. He tells workers to stop making justifications for ignoring deadlines, coming not on time or other activities influencing badly the workplace. He asks that worker should take care of each other with kindness and admiration. He reminds workers that everybody commit mistakes and to be broad-minded of each others deficiency. Flourishing teamwork is made on a basis of trust. Each associate of the team must set up trust; grow trust through his performance and verbal skill, and work to keep it. Each associate also wants to be able to belief his team members to create a promise to the team and its objectives, work expertly with those aims in mind, and talk constantly about any issues that influence the team. A combined and gullible team atmosphere permits team members to share private information and build up a stronger bond with their team members. My football team relied on the teamwork. As we play a match against another team, that opponent team made a goal. Adam started blaming and Cole blamed Adam and as a result we lost the match. We decided to play a match against this team after one month and I explained to both the players that if they cooperate with each other we will be able to win the game. They understood what I said and when the match was played they worked together and made us victorious. In my point of view, ethics has to play a main role in the personality of a leader. One of the arguments to show that situational leadership is not manipulating is to agree to the main goal of the organization. I think a professional team member should understand that being led is not being manipulated as long as it serve the company to be more successful. In other words, If we are in an organization, a professional should not think at any time that he is being manipulated and to measure that is to know how relative is it to the mission statement and vision statement of that organization, a team member has to look at the big picture and not take anything personal, here I have to mention the need of last week subject which was Emotional Intelligence and how it will help to differentiate between the situational leadership vs Manipulation. Consistent to leading to achieve the best and potential plans for the organization. The true example of situational leadership is surgeons in an oper ation theatre. Situational leadership is exercised by surgeons in the operation theatres particularly during dealing with emergency cases and crucial operations. A doctor leading the other doctors in an operation theatre is a specialist in surgeries, but when an urgent situation calls or during the operation problems arise, a surgeon has to make decision instantaneously according to the patients state. The best thing in a situational leader is his skill to bend according to the situation what is happening. In the recent time people started to realize Bullying in the Workplace has been happening for years and years. Anti-Bullying associations existed in the United States as early as the 1990’s which shows us as researchers that there are many workers has been bullied for a long time. According toConstance Dierickx, Ph.D, Workplace bullying is defined as the repeated unethical and unfavorable treatment of one person by another in the workplace. This includes behavior designed to belittle others via humiliation, sarcasm, and rudeness, overworking an employee, threats, and violence. Who is in a leadership position supposed to know and be able to differentiate between bullying, harassment and assault? Harassment and Assault are recognized and resulted from several fairly serious incidents. In many workplaces worker get bullied; in long term jobs, by managers, co-workers or subordinates or even by a client where a good leader should stand on for their workers and not grant the right f or the customer to disrespect the workers. As the research goes, we find even in short term jobs such as the performing arts or construction, where the supervisor has complete power over workers, in both long and short terms jobs workers have been found guilty of either bullying, harassment, discrimination, or assault. We can all agree that it exists in our lives before getting to the workplace, in fact in all starts when we were young and best to remember and prove it, let’s remember our high-schools where we either have been bullying or have been bullied, I actually have been bulled in secondary school and I got a punch in the face and lost a teeth, what was funny is that I still know that person’s friend where he told my friends he is embarrassed to see me after these years, but I am still happy as long as he felt bad and did not keep being argent to admit he was wrong. One of the main reasons that make a person to bully others is to cover their on weak side, in other words a bully would think being mean, disrespectful, or even discriminate with no morals nor mercy would in the workplace or e ven outside. Moreover; a leader should also realize that another important incentive for a worker to bully others is to avoid accepting responsibility for their behaviour andconsequences. Supremacy alters people. We all know the leaders who have come to consider their personal promotion departments. We have observed that leaders were always like that, deep down, or whether triumph has ruined them. Then, we may think why few persons emerge to be corrupted by authority and others remained fine , or what the corrupted women are doing whereas their male corresponding are investigative the staff, concreting their driveways on the firm’s credit card, or handing over profitable work agreements to their acquaintances. According to Professor Serena Chen and her colleagues.people who commence as selfless will carrying on to be so when they attain power, while self-centred people will persistent to be uncooperative and selfish when gained power, Successful people grasp others to a superior criterion. They are more probable to deceive and were less broad-minded to others violating the same rules. According to an Economist article about the work of Joris Lammers at Tilburg University, in the Netherlands, and Adam Galinsky at Northwestern University, in Illinois.According to Dr Jamie Ward, reader in psychology at the University of Sussex. They shatter rules and regulations not only because they can get away with it, but also because they believe at some instinctive level that they are free to get what they desire. This intellect of power is vital to understand why people behave badly in high office, It is greatly easier to mount over people and not taking care of their needs if you can’t recognize with them. At times subordinates can be somewhat responsible for their leaders’ bad conduct, said by Leadership consultant from The Leadership Circle Asia Pacific, Rebekah O’Rourke, and frequently people relinquish their own responsibilities to a higher person, expecting them to have all the replies. Furthermore she said, a few people turn out to be very inactive. The â€Å"subordinates† need to discover ways to provide their leader advice about how they are undertaking. This is, in spirit, supervision . The leader of a company – also needs to begin coaching. They also need to separate their feelings about the leader’s personality from the role. The leader may be a nice person, but if they are behaving inappropriately, someone needs to tell them. In a nut shell, I would like to say for any form or size of industry, successful leadership gives many settlements and will help the organisation to attain success and steadiness. In the deficiency of effective leadership, firms often rise gradually and may misplace their  track and competitiveness. Good quality business leadership can assist a team stay determined during a time of emergency, repeating the team members of their successes and give confidence to them to set short term, attainable goals. A broad and attractive relationship between a leader and their employees shows that they are appreciated as an essential part of the company, creating a feeling of ownership among teammates and beginning a closer position between individual and team objectives. Support of people to explicitly add and talk about new ideas in an optimistic environment, make utilization of their different experience and facts to develop a business. The promise and passion of a business leader forms the general purposes of the company and gives motivation and enthusiasm for people to do at a high level. A planned approach is able to make a plan of action that will most efficiently gather the organisational objectives. A comprehensive planning procedure also gives the chances for people to recognize, add to, appreciate and attain well defined goals. Setting a clear vision and talk to employees efficiently gives workers with an understanding of the organisational trend and permits them to noticeably appreciate their duties and responsibilities. Effective leadership is a vital obligation so as to attain organisational objectives. To do this, leaders should be able to grant inspiration, inspiration and clear route to their team. Leadership growth is very important because organizations hire the character of their leaders. Leadership tuition and expansion can take advantage of output, shape an optimistic culture and promote synchronization. To attain this, key people must direct individuals and teams using a suitable leadership style.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Music Censorship :: essays research papers

Music Censorship Although is clearly states in the first amendment that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances," censorship in America still exists in a big way. "Music censorship is the term used to describe the act of editing, altering, or preventing the listener from hearing the music as the artist created it in order to either deny certain information or to act as a moral gatekeeper of potentially harmful material" (http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~barndollar/courses/spring98/students/fabfive/index.html). The Censorship of music in the United Stated is documented as far back as 1954, when "Michigan congresswoman Ruth Thompson introduces a bill in the House that would ban mailing of any pornographic recording, punishable by five years imprisonment and a $ 5,000 fine" (http://ericnuzum.com/banned/fifties.html). Even Elvis Aaron Presley, ‘The King of rock-n-roll’ was once thought of as obscene. In 1957, when he appeared on the Ed Sullivan show for the third time, the cameramen were told to only film him from the waist up. "Elvis’s dancing was considered lewd" (http://ericnuzum.com/banned/fifties.html). In 1964, "Indiana Governor Matthew Welsh asks the State Broadcasters Association to ban the song ‘Louie, Louie’ by the Kingsmen because he considers it to be pornographic." (http://ericnuzum.com/banned/fifties.html). This trend has continued all the way up to the nineties, and I’m sure it won’t stop any time soon. In the past ten years especially, music has been under attack by many law makers, prosecutors and critics of morality and good taste. One attack on this freedom comes from parental advisory stickers. These stickers are used as a form of censorship against an artist and their lyrics. If a label will produce an album, I don’t think there should be any reason that the consumer can’t decide for him or herself if lyrics contained in the album are found obscene or otherwise unsuitable. In order to begin the debate on whether or not parental advisory stickers serve as a form of censorship, one must consider what the word censor implies. The word censor means "the power to suppress publications or excise any matter in them thought to be immoral, seditious or otherwise undesirables"(Webster Dictionary 227). The question of what constitutes "proper" language and obscenity has been greatly forced upon the music industry.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

John and Mable Ringling Review

China Now; De Voss Banners; Expressive Bodies: Works from the Ringing Permanent Collection; and Appalachia LISA. Some of the artwork displayed here are created by major artists like Diego Veil;squeeze, II Greece, Anthony van Deck, Paolo Everyone, Giovanni Battista Topple, Thomas Johannesburg, and Peter Paul Rueben. The collections that this museum illustrates provide particular themes and highlight particular time periods. The most celebrated items fall under the collection of European and American Art.However, according to the museum, the collections are ever changing and not all pieces are available for viewing at all times. The Ringing museum is built around the styles of classical, medieval, renaissance, and baroque, and features rare antiquities as well as creations from various old and modern artists. Because museum collections and exhibitions display a variety of ethnic heritages and integrate multicultural media, they allow society to understand history and how art has change d as well as learn about culture diversity.It is important to study the creativeness of different periods because the rough time, man's view of the world and human existence has changed. Obtaining information on the artistic legacy of he past gives knowledge and value about the complexity of art and its relationship with history, religion, philosophy, and sociology. Furthermore, preserving creative works of art in museums also display the connections of different cultures and how they influence one another, changing, and shaping art into what it is today. Particularly, an artist known by the name Rueben was a master of Renaissance, Flemish, and Baroque style.His art became famous in a time period known as the â€Å"Baroque Period† which occurred through the sass and sass. In one of his paintings, The Triumph of Divine Love, the baroque heartsickness are obvious with the use of vivid color, physicality, and overlapping figures. This painting is one of many, found in the premie r collection Of European and American Art featured in the Ringing museum. Currently of Rueben, there is The Triumph of the Eucharist Series, which is a set of cartoons for tapestries that was commissioned by Isabella Clara Eugenia in 1625.Isabella was a member of the royal Spanish family and wanted Rueben to paint 21 tapestries for her, 1 1 consisting of oil paintings on canvas so she could hang them in her palace. This series relates to the elaboration of the Eucharist, explores scenes from the lives of the saints, and promotes the beliefs held by the Counter-Reformation throughout Europe. Providing that, Martin Luther set off a movement called the Protestant Reformation because of his criticisms of the Catholic Church.As a result of this, the church attempted to clean up the corruption and clarify its teachings and beliefs. By doing so, the Counter-Reformation was established which then led to the Council of Trend. According to Brett and Kate McKay, â€Å"The Council of Trend dec lared that art should be used to explain principles by Ewing direct, emotionally persuasive, and powerfully designed to fire the spiritual imagination and inspire the viewer to greater piety' (n. P. ). Moving on, this section of the paper will discuss two particular pieces in The Triumph of the Eucharist series.The first work of art is The Four Evangelists. Related to the painting discussed in the following paragraph, this painting represents figures in motion. Furthermore, to gain an understanding of this painting and the time period around it, it is imperative to understand that the Catholic Church believed bread and wine represented Christi body and blood. In the painting to the far left is Saint Luke with his symbol, the ox. This beast symbolizes sacrifice because in the beginning of his Gospel, is the sacrifice of Zachary.Next to Luke is Saint Mark, featured holding his Gospel under his arm and next to him, the lion that represents the resurrection of Christ. Saint Matthew in t he green cloth and the angel are in the center of the piece where the angel points towards heaven, like Saint Thomas Aquinas in The Defenders of the Eucharist. To the far right is Saint John who appears to be the youngest of the group, and is looking up towards the eagle. His mannerism is supposed to capture his vision of the apocalypse. The cup he is holding in his hand with the snake refers to poison that John drank, in order to prove his faith.While in the bottom of the painting are various symbolic objects that relate to the Gospels such as the cockleshell, cornucopia of fruit, and the dolphin. The second painting is The Defenders of the Eucharist made in 1625 by Rueben was done with oil on canvas. In this companion piece to The Four Evangelists, Rueben incorporated six doctors and a woman, all figures from early church history. On the far right is Saint Jerome dressed in a red robe, eating his translation of the Bible into Latin because that is what he is famous for.In front of Jerome is a great, German philosophical figure named Norte, dressed in a cream colored robe. Then, in the center stands the Dominican monk, Saint Thomas Aquinas, holding a book of his writings and pointing towards heaven; this gesture can be compared to Saint Matthews' in The Four Evangelists. While next to Saint Thomas, is Saint Clare who is seen holding a great monstrance. It is important to understand that women were not allowed to touch the monstrance. Furthermore, the features of Saint Clare are actually those of Isabella, the woman paying for the painting.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Medieval Period Essay

What is it all about? – it is all about the period, age or era after the fall of Roman Empire and the beginning of â€Å"rebirth† or the Rennaisance period. – it is the bridge with these two very important eras in literature. What is the meaning of medieval and period? – the term medieval comes from the latin word â€Å"medium aevum† which means â€Å"middle age†. Medieval was 1st used in the 19th century and the original spelling of it is â€Å"mediavel†. -period means a length of time that is very important in the history of the world or nation. What do you mean by A.D. and C.E. means? – A.D. means â€Å"anno domini† which is the latin for â€Å"in the year of our God† the year after his birth. – C.E. means â€Å"common era† Many writers prefer to use CE than AD .. so, AD and CE are just the same like BC which means Before Christ and BCE which means Before Common/Christian Era. Why it is called the Dark Age? But why it is also known as The Age of Faith? -at first, Medieval Period was called DA because of 4 reasons 1. Ignorance and brutality 2. No scientific accomplishments had been made 3. No great art produced 4. No great leaders born But when the scholars began to appreciate the medieval period’s architecture, philosophy, and literature, they labeled this as â€Å"The Age of Faith† because most of the works are centered on religous teachings in the reason that religion is the most powerful institutuion during the time. Describe Medieval Period. – pervasive christianity – poverty – ignorance – economic chaos – bad government – plague – cultural and artistic achievement – technological development Social Classes in Middle Ages 1. Royalty – highest social class (kings, queens, princes and princesses) 2. Nobility – (hereditary and non-hereditary nobility) 3. Hereditary Nobility – (dukes and dutchess, barons) 4. Non-Hereditary Nobility – (knights, popes, bishops, priests, monks,clergy) 5. Common People – (Serfs, freemen, slaves, peasants) Development of Medieval Period – there are three major divisions on the development of Medieval Period : Early, High and Late Middle Ages. How stuff works on the Early M.P.? 1. In this part is where the Dark Age is associated wherein literacy, ignorance and brutality are prevailing. 2. Christianity became the standard bearer of Western Civilization wherein the papacy gained authority 3. Feudalism is the manorial system 4. Monasteries were founded as campaign for Christian empowerment 5. North Africa and Middle East came under the rule of Caliphate, an Islamic Group How stuff works in the High M.P.? -it began after 1000AD 1. Technological and agricultural innovations flourished together with the population. 2. Climate changed to warm which allowed crop yield to increase. 3. Still feudalism is the manorial system. 4. Crusade – in 1905 – military attempt to regain control of the Middle Easter Holy Land from Caliphate 5. Kings became the heads of nation states, which lead to reduce of crime and violence 6. In this time, the first universities were founded and intellectual life began How stuff works in Late M.P.? 1. It is marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague and war. 2. Black Death – between 1347 amd 1350, a mysterious disease known as the Black Death (the bubonic plague). It killed some 20 million people in Europe. 3. Economic expansion, political centralization, and secularization foreshadowed due to transition from medieval to modern. Despite of difficulties and calamities, it is where medieval empowerment stimulated. 4. Age of exploration 5. The church was weakened by conflicts and quarrels between church and state 6. Peasants’ revolt. What are the causes of end of M.P? -1453 the capture of Constantipole by the Turk -1453 the end of the hundred years war between the English and Fench because of invasion -1492 the Muslims being rejected from Spain -1492 the discovery of America by Columbus -1512 the Protestant Reformation starting with the beginning of Rennaisance Period. Heritage of Medieval Period During the medieval period there were many advancements. Justice and Law Codes: Justinian’s Code,Great Council (Parliament), Magna Carta Trade and Business: Marketplace & Trade Fairs, Banks  Architecture: Cathedrals, Castles,Romanesque, Medieval, Gothic Architecture Formal Learning: Guilds, Universities Public Conduct: Code of Chivalry, Heraldry,Holy Relics Art: Stained Glass Windows, Tapestries,Gregorian Chants, Medieval Music, Epic Poetry,Troubadours, Illuminated Manuscripts, Mystery Plays, Miracle Plays, Morality Plays,Architecture Farming: Horse-drawn plow, Horse Collar, Horseshoes Seven new sites that dated from the medieval period added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Bolgar Historical and Archeological Complex (Russia) Namhansanseong (Republic of Korea) The Grand Canal (China) Silk Roads : The Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan) Rani-ki-Vav (The Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat (India) Pyu Ancient Cities (Myanmar) Bursa and Cumalikizik: The Birth of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Some of the significant Medieval Heritage Aachen Cathedral Abbey and Altenmà ¼nster of Lorsch Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe Amiens Cathedral Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments Bauhaus and its sites in Weimar and Dessau Beemster Polder Belfries of Belgium and France Benedictine Convent of St John at Mà ¼stair Bergpark Wilhelmshà ¶he Berlin Modernism Housing Estates Blenheim Palace Bordeaux, Port of the Moon Bourges Cathedral Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine’s Abbey, and St Martin’s Church Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brà ¼hl Cathedral of Notre-Dame,Former Abbey of Saint-Rà ©mi andPalace of Tau, Reims The Causses and the Cà ©vennesMedieval Literature Medieval Literature England is the birth place of Medieval Literature Latin was the common language for medieval writings Clergy are the people who write religious works The early literature of this period consists of sermons, prayers, lives of saints and homilies. -some of the noted works are 1. Green Knight 2. Sir Gawain 3. The Pearl 4. The Book of the Duchess 5. The Parliament of Fowls 6. The  House of Fame 7. Troilus and Criseyde 8. The Canterbury Tales 9. The Legend of Women 10. The Complaint of Chauser to his Empty Purse Types of Writings Religious – dominant form of literature Composed of hymns, liturgy, hagiographies,religious poems Some works of this type: Golden Legend of Ja Cobous de Voragine; Dies , Stabat Mater Outstanding Jewish writers : Maimonides – Spain; Rashi – France Secular – it is more on romance, heroism and it is not in religious works Composed of epic, courtly love, political poetry, songs Prominent Jewish authors: Solomon ibn Gabirol and Yehuda Haleui Outstanding writer: Geoffrey Chauser Women’s Literature – in this type women of Medieval period are the writers and it is not about the works pertained to women of M.P. Composed of works that have been written by women, mostly nuns Noted authors : Clare of Asisi, Bridget of Sweden, Catherine of Seine – They are canonaized as saints and their works are reflections, revelations and prayers Marie de France and Christine de Viza – their works focused on courtly love Revelations of Divine Love – 1st published book in English language that was written by a woman Allegory – medieval lit. makes use of many literary devices and allegory is very prominent in the period. Much works relied on allegory to convey the morals that the author had in mind while writing are representation of abstract qualities, events and institutions. Most influential allegory – Psychomachia (Battle of Souls) by Aurelius Clemens Prudentius Some works on this type: Romance of the Rose, Everyman, Piers Plowman, Roman de Fauvel and The Divine Comedy. Characteristics of Medieval Literature Figures of speech are numerous Highly religious Frequently intended to teach morals Descriptions are ornate and pretty Techniques of the dream vision used frequently Pleasant aspects of nature predominate New forms of rhythm and rhyme Women take a place in literature Elegance of speech and manners Works were handwritten Love is considered as a pure love Conveying the classic culture of Greece and Rome Works are more on re-telling than new invent stories Next to religious, heroism is Dominant Names of the individual authors are much less important Why most of the works in Medieval Period are anonymous? Medieval lit. was copied by hand and many volumes were lost over the following centuries. Names of the authors did not mean much to medieval citizen, only if they were very famous. Thus, unimportant names would sometimes be left out of a book during the process of copying. If the original volume was lost, there wouldn’t be any written proof of authorship. And one more reason is that some books were controversial or anti, and any author connected with these books would be condemned to death. And to avoid any problems, even if there are no controversial contents of their work, they are not writing their names. â€Å"Listen, Understand and Appreciate – these will make your students respect and love you as their second parent† – anonymous